Ask the Professor with Andrew Gordus

Andrew Gordus
Assistant Professor, Biology

Gordus’s lab uses two model organisms—nematodes and spiders—to study the cellular and genetic mechanisms that drive novel and innate behaviors, and how organisms sense and adjust to environmental variability.


What can we learn from the way spiders build their webs?

close-up of spider on web with blue blurred background

Andrew Gordus: I do behavioral neuroscience because I’m interested ultimately in how my own brain works. I like working with animals with small brains because they’re more of a constrained problem. I got interested in spiders because I got interested in notions of internal state. These are things like motivation, emotions, and arousal. I can ask you how you feel. We can’t ask an animal that. We have to infer it based on their behavior.

A lot of animal architectures are built in phases: The animal is very motivated to build this and then this. They’re providing us with a physical record of their intent. Our first paper on spider behavior showed that they have all these different behaviors and they’re all organized differently in different phases of web building, so it shows the web is a physical record of what I would call different cognitive states.

Now we’re trying to perturb them with drugs and genetically to see how can we alter these states, and what do the underlying genes we perturb tell us about how those states are organized? This is my big question: How do you organize these states in the brain?

Ultimately in neuroscience we want to predict behavior as a function of input. There’s a thing called neuromodulators—dopamine, for example—that alter the flow of information. Emotions, these internal states, change how information flows through your brain.

Invertebrates also have internal states. The spider is constantly making errors while it builds the web. It has a prescribed sequence of behaviors, but it can easily exit out, assess the web, and then come back to where it left off. They don’t use their vision at all. It’s all based on touch.

We’re trying to understand how local web geometry influences behavior, since the web itself acts as a sort of guide for the spider to follow. However, how the spider responds to local geometry seems to be strongly influenced by which behavioral state it’s in. Prior work showed that different chemicals altered different parts of the web. Ultimately, we want to associate these chemicals to their targets in the brain to understand how these brain areas influence behavior. These chemicals influence and encode your internal states. So we’re building maps of all these different brain structures in the spider.

Beekeeping with Julia Burdick-Will

“Spring comes earlier than you think,” says sociologist Julia Burdick-Will, who is starting her third year keeping bees in a set of hives on the roof of her garage. The hobby has made her pay closer attention to things like when the daffodils and dandelions appear, because she’s learned they signal that it’s time to add space inside the hives to prevent a swarm.

Burdick-Will, associate professor in the Department of Sociology, says beekeeping was a natural progression for her family once they moved from an apartment to their house, got chickens, and planted a big garden. One online class, several how-to books, and countless dinner-table quizzes later, they realized it’s harder than it looks, but fun to figure out.

Beekeepers spend a lot of time inspecting their hives to make sure they look healthy and to check for eggs. The process is surprisingly intense and meditative, Burdick-Will says. “There’s a focus that I find really nice, in contrast to a busy day. You have to clear your mind; you can’t think about anything else for half an hour or so.”

Last year, she and her two children—ages 7 and 10—harvested more than 100 pounds of honey. “It tastes really different depending on when you harvest it,” she says. “May honey is really different from September honey or August honey; it’s a different color, it’s a different taste. It’s fun to test it out.”

Baltimore’s Chinese Community in Focus

Ethan Tan
Photo: Larry Canner

It’s a common refrain that food brings people together. Baltimore’s Chinese community has historically gathered at restaurants, but not just for dinner. According to junior Ethan Tan’s research, Baltimore’s Chinese restaurants have provided immigration help, income, job training, community, and even housing for new Chinese immigrants to the United States.

“It was an amazing network of a safety net, almost of stability, and enabling further actions like mobility across the United States, and just allowing them to look for opportunities in ways that they would not have been able to without that kind of support,” Tan says.

Seeds of an idea

The idea for the research grew out of assistant history professor H. Yumi Kim’s class History Research Lab: Asian Diaspora in Baltimore. There are not a lot of books or archives focused on Baltimore’s small and geographically disparate Chinese community. To supplement readings, Kim invited community members to share their personal perspectives. Tan, a history and medicine, science, and the humanities double major, was intrigued by the conversations, and kept interviewing community members after the class ended. The core of his research is first-person stories he’s gathered about living and working in Baltimore throughout the 1900s, often at restaurants like the White Rice Inn in Chinatown or the New China Inn in Old Goucher.

Those stories are tied to changing 20th-century immigration laws that often barred Chinese immigrants entirely. At some points in the early 1900s, Chinese restaurateurs were classed as merchants and could sponsor future employees. This meant they were the only part of the community aside from American citizens able to get paperwork for new immigrants. Sometimes workers lived at the restaurant until they could find or afford a place of their own.

Expanding opportunities

Restaurants also served as “incubators” for would-be restaurateurs. One of the narratives that Tan traces was that of Robert Chin, who arrived from China in 1951. His first stop was his uncle’s downtown Baltimore restaurant, the Golden Pheasant, where he also lived briefly. He worked as a waiter, then a cook, at multiple restaurants owned by family members, and eventually opened his own carryout business. The restaurants gave immigrants the ability to grow where they landed: opening businesses, taking on roles like police officers or community organizers, and starting their own families, Tan found.

“It was a much lower-risk option to learn to work in the restaurant first and then simply replicate everything that they had experienced and been trained in,” Tan says.

This research has been a learning experience for Tan on the value of community-based collaboration and research. The Chinese community in Baltimore is an underrepresented area of history, he says, and he has much more to learn. He plans to investigate the importance of other social organizations, like churches and sports leagues (fast-pitch softball was big locally) while completing his BA/MA history degree. But his main goal is to serve the community by giving members the opportunity to share their stories and see the value in their own histories.

“There is an aspect of empathy that I believe is part of the job description of a historian,” he says.

Your Pet’s Best Bet

Anne Chiruvolu ’10 is a small-animal veterinarian at Redwood Veterinary Hospital in Vallejo, California. On any given day, she sees her neighbors’ cats and dogs, local police dogs, and guide and assistance dogs. “You really feel like you’re benefiting the community in that way,” she says.

veterinarian Anne Chiruvolu in scrubs with canine patient
Photo courtesy of Anne Chiruvolu

Chiruvolu’s first job was at her hometown SPCA, and she continued to seek out animals while finishing her psychology degree at Johns Hopkins. She volunteered at the Baltimore SPCA, interned with veterinary offices, and spent an intersession in the Galapagos Islands. She also led tours for the admissions office, which inspired her to complete a master’s in educational leadership at University of San Diego. After a few years spent working in admissions, she decided to pursue her long-held dream of becoming a vet. She has a postbaccalaureate from UC Berkeley and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from UC Davis.

“No animal walks themselves in and pays for their care. Everybody has a human attached,” she says. “If you do not have the potential for good bedside manner and communication skills, you’re not going to be successful.”

What is the most important thing someone can do to care for a pet?

Go in for annual exams, getting the preventive care measures like vaccinations, dental cleanings, spaying, and neutering. All of that helps build a really healthy foundation for your pet and for your relationship with that doctor in that practice.

Your vet sees your pet every year. They’re ideally doing annual blood work to see where your pet’s organ functions are, and you build a good foundation. Then, when something goes wrong, it’s more immediately apparent both to you and to your doctor because you have that relationship.

The vast majority of the pets I see in a day are overweight and have dental disease. So, working on a good nutrition plan and keeping your pet lean is important. Trying to keep up with dental care, either at home or through your veterinarian, helps a lot. It’s just a good investment because older pets that have been overweight and had dental problems all their life end up with joint disease, mobility problems, and more.

How do you choose a good veterinarian?

One of the good initial questions that people can ask themselves is what kind of care model they’re looking for. Most offices offer a traditional model of care, more like a Western medicine approach. There are some vet offices and practitioners that focus more on things like acupuncture.

I see people saying, “I’m looking for a vet that’s not expensive.” That’s their number-one criterion. Yes, you want to find a vet that’s going to fit within your budget. But you should also be looking at the quality of medicine that’s practiced. This is ideally someone that you want to build a relationship with for the lifetime of your pet.

I also think it’s helpful to look at what their model is for being able to see sick pets in a timely fashion; if they have more limited hours or are not always able to get people in. Where do they refer? Make sure that after hours you know what the plan is: whether it’s your vet on call versus going to a 24-hour facility. And when it comes to emergency care, being honest with your care team about your budget is always important. I will never fault or judge someone for saying “I have $200 today.” I will bend over backwards and be creative to find what we can do that will work with that person’s budget.

Syllabus: Stagecraft


Instructor:

Bill Roche, Undergraduate Program in Theatre Arts and Studies

Course Description:

A hands-on approach to the technical and theoretical elements of production.

Students learn to use the tools and materials involved in stage design. They study how all theater personnel—actors, director, stage manager, and those in charge of costumes, sets, lights, and sound—interact and influence one another.

“The easiest way to snafu theater is for communication to not happen as clearly as possible,” says Roche. Former students often tell Roche they hadn’t realized how highly organized theater must be, and describe how they now apply the tactics of theater to other groups they work with.


Maybe I won’t necessarily pursue a career in theater or stagecraft, but just having those tools and having those skills—how to use basic hand tools—could be really important.”

Brian Zhu ’26, economics and applied math major


Bill Roche's assistant Daniel Lopez ’14 instructs a student.
Assistant course instructor Daniel Lopez ’14 guides a student.

Working as Roche’s assistant in the Stagecraft course is a homecoming of sorts for Daniel Lopez ’14, who assisted Roche for three years as a work-study student. Today Lopez serves as technical production coordinator in Student Affairs’ Arts and Innovation office, a role he inherited from Roche in 2022.

Along with teaching him the real-world skills of tools, lumber, and construction, Lopez credits Roche with helping him find a sense of belonging after a rocky start at Hopkins: “I want to be to students currently what Bill Roche was to me. I’m really honored to be following in his footsteps.”


Collection Affection

Ceramic bovine vessel from the Chancay culture, situated in modern-day Peru, dating between 1000 and 1450 CE.
courtesy of Irene Kabala

A ceramic bovine vessel from the Chancay culture, situated in modern-day Peru, dating between 1000 and 1450 CE.


When art historian Irene Kabala ’01 PhD leaves her classroom at the end of the workday, she may leave her job but she doesn’t leave art. Her home holds what she estimates is between 1,000 and 1,500 artifacts and works of art. Kabala, an associate professor in the Department of Art and Design at the Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP), has been collecting art for decades.

“Collecting is personal,” she says, “and so I buy art that is personal to me. It inspires me to keep learning and it keeps me curious.”

Building a collection

Kabala’s curiosity has taken her all over the world—Eastern Europe, Italy, Indonesia, and Nepal, to name just a few places—in the quest to add to her collection. In addition to purchasing and selling art via her online store, Kabala also pays attention to auctions and estate sales. In 2020, the museum at IUP featured pieces from Kabala’s collection in an exhibition titled “Dr. Kabala’s Cabinet of Wonders.”

Kabala’s scholarly area of expertise—sharpened as a doctoral student at Johns Hopkins—is medieval and early Renaissance art. “At Hopkins, I learned how to gather information from various works of art to expand my knowledge,” she says.


Art is one of the great expressions of humanity.”

—Irene Kabala

Kabala is particularly drawn to masks, and her collection has many, along with sculptures and paintings. The collection spans about 1,000 years, with the oldest piece dating back to 1040 (a Spanish, Romanesque wood carving of Christ or a crowned saint), and more modern pieces including ones by Andy Warhol and Jean-Michel Basquiat.


Video highlights from 2021 exhibit:

Video courtesy of The University Museum at Indiana University of Pennsylvania


Teaching art appreciation

When she is not collecting, Kabala is doing another thing she loves—teaching. She says she knows that some of the students who take her classes are only there to fill a humanities requirement. She views that as a challenge.

“Art and other humanities studies are closely tied to the important questions of what it means to be human,” says Kabala. “Art is one of the great expressions of humanity.”

One way Kabala inspires interest among non-majors in art and art history is to bring artworks from her collection into the classroom for students to experience firsthand.

“This is a rural area with many first-generation college students, and I want them to be able to access real artwork,” she says. “I try to teach in terms of themes, and I’ll bring in pieces from the collection that speak to whatever theme we are exploring.”


Entwining Cognitive Quilting

Daniela Rodriguez ’24 has literally woven together her interests as a neuroscience major and visual arts minor. Through a textiles-based project, she is expressing cognitive concepts, such as memory consolidation, in quilts and other woven structures.

“I tried to find a way to make physical representations of abstract theories in cognition that often aren’t very accessible,” she says.

For instance, the use of cloth fibers evokes the interconnected nerve fibers in our brain. To represent tactile memories and their associations, Rodriguez has incorporated objects including oyster shells and daffodil stems between layers of fabric.

Rodriguez handcrafts some of her creations at the Center for Visual Arts and plans to display her work on Johns Hopkins’ campus. “I’ve always been interested in how disciplines can mix together,” she says.

Daniela Rodriguez holds up one of her large woven pieces.

Stars in Her Eyes

Jennifer Lotz PhD ’03
Photo: Larry Canner

Jennifer Lotz PhD ’03 has been excited and curious about space since she was a little girl, searching the sky for contrails from Cape Canaveral launches more than 100 miles from her Tampa home.

She has turned that enthusiasm into an enviable career, using images and data from the most powerful telescopes ever made to study the farthest reaches of the universe and the formation of galaxies.

In February, Lotz was named director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, which hosts the operations of the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes, as well as the data they collect and the research they make possible.

Back to Baltimore

For Lotz, it’s a return to Baltimore, to Johns Hopkins, and to the institute, known as STScI, which is housed on the Homewood campus. “I’m super excited to be back,” she says. “It’s a thrilling time for the STScI and for astronomy in general.”

Her five-year appointment will also cover development of the Roman Space Telescope, set to launch in 2026, which will have an even wider field of vision, she says, allowing it to gather images of larger areas and with more data.

She also plans to bolster the already strong relationship between STScI and Hopkins. “There’s a lot of collaboration between the physics and astronomy department and STScI,” she says.

After double-majoring in physics and astronomy at Bryn Mawr College, Lotz earned her PhD at Hopkins, studying the formation of dwarf galaxies with Alumni Centennial Professor Rosemary F.G. Wyse in the William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy and Henry Ferguson, an astronomer on the staff at STScI.

Understanding the distant

Her research, funded with an STScI grant, relied on data gathered by the Hubble Telescope, giving her an appreciation for the tools needed to stretch the boundaries of what we can see and learn.

“One thing with astronomy is everything’s so far away,” she says. “If you really want to understand the universe, you have to build telescopes, you have to build cameras. You have to build these highly sensitive instruments.”

After postdoctoral fellowships working with some of those telescopes, first at UC Santa Cruz, and then at the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, Lotz returned to Baltimore in 2010 for her first permanent job, as an associate astronomer at STScI. In 2018, she became director of the International Gemini Observatory, which has telescopes in Hawaii and Chile.

Like the universe itself, the field of astronomy seems to have no limits for Lotz.

Easing the Impact of Strokes

Molly Zhao at the computer, showing magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain scans on the monitor.


Molly Zhao is a junior studying neuroscience and economics. We spoke with her about her research in stroke recovery.


How did you become interested in stroke research?

My freshman year, while taking the class Cognitive Neuroscience, Dr. Elisabeth Marsh from the School of Medicine came and discussed her lab’s stroke research, particularly in supporting patients’ recovery. Her insights shed light on the complex nature of stroke and recovery, which inspired me to join the lab.


Describe your research at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Stroke Intervention Clinic.

Currently, I am researching the social determinants of health, studying various socioeconomic variables that affect patients’ follow-up rates, and ultimately their post-stroke recovery. Our project uses a large database of stroke patients to identify social factors that may influence recovery and thus address these common variables to reduce the risk of future stroke onset.

In the clinic, I also assist in administering the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to patients to evaluate various cognitive domains, including attention, executive functions, and memory. Our lab also employs magnetoencephalography to monitor brain activity during cognitive tasks. With our lab coordinator, I assist patients in navigating their magnetoencephalography sessions at one-, six-, and 12-month intervals poststroke. During these exams, I can observe patients’ brain activity in real time to later understand the impact of strokes on higher-order cognitive processes.


What personal perspectives do you bring to this research and how does your work in the Marsh Lab connect to your broader interests?

My work is so personal because last year, my grandpa suffered a stroke. Just like my grandpa, each patient in clinic presents a story beyond the textbook symptoms on paper or a prior medical history. Seeing the impacts of stroke directly within my family has made every patient’s story much more real and important for me.

I am also fascinated by the “behind-the-scenes” of medicine. My previous internships at Biohaven working on clinical trials and on the biotechnology health care equity research at Evercore ISI translating R&D innovation into public understanding and investment appeal have given me further insight into the complex interplay between innovation, accessibility, and quality in patient care. This comprehensive view of the diverse perspectives in health care delivery directly informs my long-term goal of helping patients individually and fueling innovation for patient populations on larger scales.


Fathoming Protein Organization

Belying their placid illustrations in textbooks, living biological cells are bustling hubs of activity where substances constantly traffic in and out. Passage through a cell’s encompassing membrane, however, is no simple feat; the process typically involves dozens of proteins precisely interacting, all in the right places and at the right times.

Unraveling this process and other subcellular marvels is a chief research aim of Margaret Johnson’s lab. She and her colleagues broadly study dynamical systems in biology, seeking to mathematically quantify how large molecules—so-called macromolecules—naturally organize into the complex rudiments for life.

In this way, the research is a perfect amalgam of Johnson’s academic interests. “Math was always my favorite subject, but I also loved animals. Biology and the study of living systems was the most fascinating part of science to me,” says Johnson, who joined Johns Hopkins in 2013 and is now an associate professor in the Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics. “In my lab, we use mathematical modeling and computer simulations to answer unresolved questions about how, why, and how well macromolecular self-assembly is controlled in living systems.”

Clathrin recruitment and assembly on membranes through physics-based modeling.
courtesy of the Johnson Lab

Above, clathrin recruitment and assembly on membranes through physics-based modeling.


How materials get into cells

One specialty area for Johnson’s group is endocytosis, the process whereby materials are transported into cells. The researchers are probing the mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a major subtype involving a protein called clathrin that helps form cage-like spheres around the cell membrane to bring cargo-bound receptors into the cell.

Gaining a better understanding of how the networks of proteins involved in this transport mode come together could lead to new insights into a vast range of conditions and diseases. To rattle off just a few of its roles, clathrin-mediated endocytosis ferries essential nutrients into cells, reloads nerves for continuous signal-sending, and (unwittingly) enables invading viruses to gain cellular entry.


In my lab, we use mathematical modeling and computer simulations to answer unresolved questions about how, why, and how well macromolecular self-assembly is controlled in living systems.”

—Margaret Johnson

Getting at the nitty-gritty of this kind of endocytosis has required Johnson and colleagues to create new computer models that simulate the physics and chemistry at play. “Existing models are not capable of addressing many of the questions about the spatial and temporal dynamics that control self-assembly at the cell scale,” says Johnson.

Building on the results

Using these techniques, the research group recently revealed why clathrin structures often form but then spontaneously disassemble before transporting anything into a cell. Other kinds of proteins that link clathrin to the cell membrane and to cargo-bound receptors must be present in sufficient quantities, the study predicts, thereby linking the assembly success to the membrane composition and offering guidance for future experiments.

The team is building off those results, not only in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but other cellular processes involving self-assembly. One example is viral budding, where viral proteins produced by our own cell’s machinery will assemble within infected cells to exit through the cell membrane and go on to newly infect additional cells. Johnson and colleagues are studying how the viral components have evolved to ensure productive assembly, budding, packaging of the viral genetic information, and maturation (for HIV) into fully infectious virions.

“The tools we make to learn about endocytosis are also applicable to diverse pathways in cellular biology,” says Johnson. “Predicting how these essential processes are controlled in complex environments is critical to understanding their function in healthy, stressed, or diseased cells.”

Growing Art from Agar

Two students pouring agar into a dish in a lab
Ten Nazur and Sara Kaufman pour agar into dishes to create their art.

This year’s January Intersession was cold and snowy, but students in From Proteins to Living Art were sweating with concentration while loading DNA samples onto gels for electrophoresis. “I’m shaking in my boots!” one student yelped. The students spent two weeks painstakingly pipetting and cloning to make fluorescent E. coli bacteria and create decorative, glowing, agar art.

The class was taught by doctoral candidates Hannah Haller-Hidalgo (Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental and Biophysics) and Taylor Devlin (Program in Molecular Biophysics). They created the class so students from any major could learn basic lab skills and etiquette in a fun, low-stress environment. 

A fun way to learn about labs

Agar art is made by culturing microbes in patterns on a jelly-like growth medium, agar. It’s popular on social media, and Haller-Hidalgo, who also teaches at local high schools with Mentoring to Inspire Diversity in Science, thought it was an approachable way to teach the fundamentals of molecular cloning. More than half of the students in the class had never worked in a lab before. A junior-year sociology major could partner with a first-year chemical and biomolecular engineering student to learn key skills (and practice art) together. 

“I really wanted to take a lab course without having to commit to a full semester,” says Ten Nazur, a History of Science and Technology major focusing on medicine with an interest in genetics. While he doesn’t need to work in a lab for his major, understanding lab work helps his research, and he liked having a creative final project. “I get to show up for two weeks and two credits, and have the time of my life,” he says.

The students started simply by learning how to pipette with good form and load DNA into miniscule gel wells. They built up to sequencing of their fluorescent protein genes and understanding the real-world applications of molecular cloning. Making the fluorescent art was the last step.

Mixing art and science

The students poured teal, red, black, purple, or plain agar into petri dishes, then laid the dishes over paper sketches to use as a guide to trace custom designs. One student drew a wave full of jellyfish, another a mushroom diorama, while Nazur took a crack at drawing Dawk, a yarn ball toy from Special Collections in the Sheridan Libraries. The students used tiny paintbrushes and long, thin stirring rods to carefully jab the transparent bacteria solutions into the agar. Without a black light, they couldn’t see if they had hit their marks. They had to wait a few days for the bacteria to grow before they could see their fluorescent agar pictures.

Sara Kaufman, a first-year biomedical engineering student, took the class to indulge her interest in the arts. “I’m really into the combination of science and art,” she says. “With intersession classes, having the freedom to choose something is really cool … this is a nice break from the hardcore, fully STEM classes.” She painted organs in space because she’s passionate about creating the perfect heart for those who need transplants, possibly with bioprinting. 

Instructor Haller-Hidalgo hopes to see some of these students working in JHU labs next year. First-year student Chiara Cole says she wants to get involved with labs on campus, and this class has helped her brush up on technique. 

“Because I want to be a film and media studies and a behavioral biology double major, I like mixing art and science,” she says. “If I ever want to do some type of research, now I know I have the tools to do it.”

Notable: Cherié Butts

Cherié Butts

Cherié Butts ’92 BS, ’97 MS is a medical director in the Therapeutics Development Unit at Biogen, a global biotechnology company that seeks to develop novel therapies for complex diseases.


Career Highlights

  • At Biogen, Butts is responsible for assessing treatments for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Before joining Biogen, she held research and drug development-related appointments at the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health, including the National Institute of Mental Health and National Cancer Institute. 
  • She is a past chair of the Salem State University Board of Trustees and chair of the Minority Affairs Committee of the American Association of Immunologists. She was responsible for creation of the AAI Young Scholars Award program for emerging scientists interested in research, and the Biogen experiential learning conference to help scientists and clinicians in academia learn drug development.
  • She works with organizations, including the National Academies, to help scientists and clinicians appreciate the interconnectedness of drug development and how researchers in each sector can contribute to new drugs, devices, and diagnostics.

“I believe there is tremendous opportunity in biomedical research. This is only the beginning. I believe [that] we will innovate by leveraging the power of working in teams across academia, government, and industry. If we each do our part, the impact will be exponential.”

Color Magazine, 2019


“Decreasing morbidity and mortality across an entire population will require that we consider the needs of all individuals. A variety of people with different backgrounds and experiences should be at the decision-making table to ensure everyone afflicted with disease is taken into consideration.”

ASBMB Today, March 2020